Desafios das práticas de cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde a pessoas que vivem com HIV / Challenges of care practices in Primary Health Care for people living with HIV / Desafíos de las prácticas asistenciales en la Atención Primaria de Salud para personas que viven con VIH

Introdução: No contexto do cuidado e dos desafios presentes no deslocamento da assistência a pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (PVHIV) para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, objetos, ações e sentidos estão envolvidos nas relações desenvolvidas neste cenário de práticas. Objetivo: Analisar diferentes relações de cuidado no desenvolvimento do sucesso prático e os impasses na atenção a essa população, nesse contexto. Métodos: Observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde e pacientes em uma Clínica de Família no município do Rio de Janeiro, envolvendo o conceito de "praticalidades" de Annemarie Mol, que explora os arranjos operacionais, atitudinais e relacionais observados da perspectiva da lógica do cuidado e da lógica da escolha. Na lógica do cuidado, as "praticalidades" atuam como mediadores que buscam superar limites morais, técnicos e sociais, sem predeterminar ou transferir a responsabilidade dos resultados, como na lógica da escolha. Resultados: As questões envolvidas no arranjo assistencial às PVHIV na Atenção Primária à Saúde podem envolver barreiras ao acesso e adesão ao tratamento relacionadas ao sigilo, mas também podem viabilizar oportunidades de aprofundamento dessas questões. Conclusões: Diferentes elementos podem ser mediadores de novas relações de cuidado para com as pessoas que vivem com o HIV.

Introduction: In the context of care and challenges involved in shifting the care for people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) to Primary Health Care, objects, actions and meanings are involved in the relationships established in this scenario of practices. Objective: To analyze different care relationships in the development of practical success and impasses in the care for this population within this context. Methods: Participant observation and semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals and patients at a Family Clinic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, involving Annemarie Mol's concept of "practicalities," which explores the operational, attitudinal, and relational arrangements observed from the logic of care and the logic of choice. In the logic of care, practicalities act as mediators that seek to overcome moral, technical, and social limits, without predetermining or transferring responsibility for the results, which happens in the logic of choice. Results: The issues involved in the care arrangement for PLHIV in Primary Health Care may involve barriers to access and adherence to treatment related to confidentiality, but they can also provide opportunities for deepening these issues. Conclusions: Different elements can mediate new care relationships for PLHIV.

Introducción: en el contexto del cuidado y de los desafíos presentes en el desplazamiento de la atención a las personas que viven con VIH para la Atención Primaria de Salud, objetos, acciones y significados están involucrados en las relaciones que se desarrollan en este escenario de prácticas. Objetivo: analizar diferentes relaciones de cuidado en el desarrollo de éxitos prácticos y de impasses en el cuidado de esta población en este contexto. Métodos: observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la salud y pacientes de una Clínica de la Familia de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, involucrando el concepto de "practicalidades" de Annemarie Mol, que explora los arreglos operacionales, actitudinales y relacionales observados desde la lógica del cuidado y la lógica de la elección. En la lógica del cuidado, las "practicalidades" actúan como mediadores que buscan superar los límites morales, técnicos y sociales, sin predeterminar ni transferir la responsabilidad por los resultados, como en la lógica de la elección. Resultados: las cuestiones involucradas en el arreglo del cuidado de las personas que viven con VIH en la Atención Primaria de Salud pueden implicar barreras de acceso y adhesión al tratamiento relacionadas con el secreto, pero también pueden brindar oportunidades para profundizar en estas cuestiones. Conclusiones: diferentes elementos pueden mediar nuevas relaciones de cuidado para las personas que viven con VIH.

Sentidos de viver: o HIV, a TARV e seus desdobramentos político-afetivos entre mulheres brasileiras / Senses of living: HIV, ART and their political-affective consequences among brazilian women

A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) tem reduzido gradual e globalmente a mortalidade e a incidência das infecções oportunistas entre pessoas vivendo com HIV. Mais recentemente, a possibilidade de supressão da carga viral tem permitido que muitas pessoas vivam com uma qualidade de vida entendida por cientistas como superior às experimentadas pelas pessoas infectadas pelo vírus no início da epidemia. No entanto, o diagnóstico do HIV e a adesão à TARV implicam diferentes desdobramentos afetivos com toda sorte de reações adversas provocadas, não somente pelos medicamentos, mas, sobretudo, pelo sentido que as pessoas dão ao medicar-se e pelo estigma criado em torno do HIV/Aids. Aspectos político-afetivos podem facilitar ou dificultar a adesão a TARV e tem contornos específicos entre mulheres cisgênero e transgênero que precisam lidar com todos os desafios de sua condição feminina e suas interseccionalidades de gênero, raça e classe social. Apresenta-se aqui uma cartografia realizada com mulheres vivendo com HIV/Aids, a partir das perspectivas de Deleuze e Guattari (1995), mapeando modos de vida, processos e movimentos dos desejos e afetos. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com dezenove mulheres vivendo com HIV e seis encontros com dezessete mulheres distribuídas em três grupos, onde foram problematizados aspectos relacionados à tensão entre o macropolítico expresso nas políticas para o enfrentamento do HIV/Aids, suas práticas nas unidades de saúde e as micropolíticas empreendidas por cada uma delas para viverem com mais saúde. Como resultados, observou-se que é fundamental que as práticas em saúde para adesão à TARV incorporem a perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado, sobretudo, em relação aos sofrimentos psíquicos que a condição de viver com HIV cria ou agrava; e que encontros coletivos baseados na cartografia podem se tornar dispositivos de saúde capazes de estimular sinergias, acolhimento recíproco, experimentação, modos de fazer ousados e rizomáticos. Seus desdobramentos político-afetivos permitiram, aqui, travessias do lugar de captura pelo modo obliterado de assistência médico-patos-centrada para o de estabelecimento de Projetos Terapêuticos Singulares, fazendo emergir acontecimentos criativos em saúde.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has gradually and globally reduced mortality and the incidence of opportunistic infections among people living with HIV. More recently, the possibility of viral load suppression has allowed many people to live with a quality of life understood by scientists as superior to that experienced by people infected by the virus at the beginning of the epidemic. However, the diagnosis of HIV and adherence to ART imply different affective consequences with all sorts of adverse reactions provoked, not only by the medications, but, above all, by the meaning that people give to medication and by the stigma created around the HIV/Aids. Political-affective aspects can facilitate or hinder adherence to ART and have specific contours among cisgender and transgender women who need to deal with all the challenges of their female condition and their gender, race and social class intersectionalities. A cartography made with women living with HIV/AIDS is presented here, from the perspectives of Deleuze and Guattari (1995), mapping ways of life, processes and movements of desires and affections. Individual interviews were conducted with nineteen women living with HIV and six meetings were held with seventeen women divided into three groups, where aspects related to the tension between the macropolitics expressed in policies to fight HIV/AIDS, their practices in health units and the micropolicies undertaken by each one of them to live with more health were problematized. As a result, it was observed that it is essential that health practices for adherence to ART incorporate the perspective of integrality care, especially with regard to psychological suffering whose condition of living with HIV may create or worsen; and that group meetings based on cartography can become health devices capable of stimulating synergies, feeling of mutual belonging and respect, experimentation, bold and rhizomatic ways of doing things. Its political-affective developments, showed here, may allow crossings from the place of capture through the obliterated way of physician-centered assistance to the establishment of Singular Therapeutic Projects, giving rise to creative events in health.

Effect of a ward-based outreach team and adherence game on retention and viral load suppression

Background: Only 66% of South African people living with HIV (PLWH) are virologically suppressed. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to improve outcomes.Objectives: Assess the effect of interventions on 12-month retention in care and virological suppression in participants newly initiated on antiretroviral therapy.Method: Fifty-seven clinics were randomised into four arms: Ward-based primary health care outreach teams (WBPHCOTs); Game; WBPHCOT­Game in combination; and Control (standard of care). Sixteen clinics were excluded and four re-allocated because lay counsellors and operational team leaders failed to attend the required training. Seventeen clinics were excluded due to non-enrolment. Results: A total of 558 participants from Tshwane district were enrolled. After excluding ineligible participants, 467 participants were included in the analysis: WBPHCOTs (n = 72); Games (n = 126); WBPHCOT­Games (n = 85); and Control (n = 184). Retention in care at 12 months was evaluable in 340 participants (86.2%) were retained in care and 13.8% were lost to follow-up. The intervention groups had higher retention in care than the Control group, but this only reached statistical significance in the Games group (96.8% vs 77.8%; relative risk [RR] 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13­1.38; P = 0.01). The 12 month virologic suppression rate was 75.3% and was similar across the four arms.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that an adherence game intervention could help keep PLWH in care.What this study adds: Evidence that interventions, especially Games, could improve retention in care

Monitoring diagnosis, retention in care and viral load suppression in children testing HIV polymerase chain reaction-positive in two districts in South Africa

Background. Retention in care is associated with improved virological control and survival among HIV-infected children. However, retention of children in HIV care remains a challenge.Objectives. To describe, using routine laboratory HIV test data, the retention-in-care and virological outcomes of HIV-infected children aged <18 months in two districts in South Africa.Methods. HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive results of children from uMkhanyakude and Tshwane districts in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces, respectively, tested between April 2015 and May 2016, were extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service's Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW). HIV-related tests (PCR, viral load (VL), CD4+) were documented longitudinally for each child for ≥13 months after the first positive PCR result by manually searching demographics within the CDW, supplemented by an automated patient-linking algorithm. Test sets were linked if two or more demographics (surname, name, date of birth, folder number) matched exactly. Programmatic indicators assessed included age at first positive PCR test, presumed confirmatory test rates, retention in care, and VL suppression at 6 and 12 months.Results. Ninety-four and 304 children tested HIV PCR-positive in uMkhanyakude and Tshwane, respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 3.6 months (interquartile range (IQR) 1.4 - 7.1) for uMkhanyakude and 2.3 months (IQR 0.1 - 6.7) for Tshwane. In uMkhanyakude, confirmed in utero infections accounted for 18.1% of transmissions (n=17), compared with 29.6% (n=90) in Tshwane. Presumed confirmatory test rates following an initial positive PCR result were 77.7% and 71.7% for uMkhanyakude and Tshwane, respectively. Within 6 months of starting antiretroviral therapy, 43 children (58.9%) were lost to follow-up in uMkhanyakude compared with 160 (73.4%) in Tshwane. Of those retained in care at 6 months with a VL measurement, 15 (60.0%) from uMkhanyakude had a VL <1 000 copies/mL, compared with 24 (48.0%) in Tshwane. For both districts, a third of all HIV PCR-positive children were retained in care at the end of follow-up, with 29 (30.9%) in uMkhanyakude and 99 (32.5%) in Tshwane. Of these, 12 (41.4%) had a VL <1 000 copies/mL in uMkhanyakude compared with 28 (28.3%) in Tshwane.Conclusions. We demonstrate the value of routine laboratory data in monitoring diagnosis, retention and VL suppression in HIV-infected children. This approach is scalable, can be reported near real-time, is relatively inexpensive to implement, and provides a tool for improving paediatric HIV services until clinical databases can assume this role

Obstáculos a la adherencia y retención en los sistemas de salud público y privado según pacientes y personal de salud / Barriers to adherence and retention in public and private healthcare according to patients and health workers

Introducción: el Programa Nacional de Sida garantiza el acce-so universal a los antirretrovirales, aun así las personas que reciben me-dicamentos a través del sistema público no logran obtener una carga vi-ral indetectable en la misma proporción que los pacientes del sistema privado. Este estudio cualitativo tiene como objeto identificar los facto-res asociados a la adherencia y retención en la cascada de atención de VIH de los sistemas de salud público y privado de Buenos Aires, según las percepciones de pacientes y del personal de salud.Métodos: se registraron datos cualitativos de 12 entrevistas semi-es-tructuradas a informantes clave y 4 grupos focales de pacientes y per-sonal de salud tanto del sistema público como privado. Se codificaron y analizaron temas predeterminados sobre adherencia, utilizando el soft-ware QRS Nvivo9® de análisis de datos cualitativos.Resultados: pacientes y personal de salud de ambos sistemas coinci-den en la importancia del estigma asociado al VIH, la relación médico-paciente, la comunicación entre ambos y la división de responsabilida-des en relación al tratamiento como aspectos fundamentales para la adherencia y retención en la cascada de atención. Se observan diferen-cias entre los sistemas en la forma en que algunos de estos aspectos ac-túan. Las barreras estructurales se presentan como principales obstácu-los del sistema público.Discusión: se resalta la necesidad de intervenciones focalizadas en la díada médico-paciente que consi-dere las particularidades de cada sistema de aten-ción para facilitar el compromiso del paciente en la adherencia

Introduction: The National Program of AIDS guarantees universal access to antiretroviral medication, yet people receiving treatment through the public healthcare system do not achieve an undetectable viral load in the same rate than patients in the private system. This qualitative study aims to identify factors associated with adherence and retention in the HIV-cascade of care at public and private setting from Buenos Aires, based on patients and healthcare workers' perceptions.Methods: Qualitative data from 12 semi-structured interviews with key informants and 4 focus groups of patients and healthcare workers from the public and private systems were recorded. Transcripts were coded and analyzed, using the QRS Nvivo9® software for qualitative data analysis, into set themes on adherence.Results: Patients and healthcare workers of both systems agree on the importance of HIV-related stigma, professional-patient relationship and communication, and the division of treatment-related responsibilities as fundamental aspects for adherence and retention in the HIV-cascade of care. Differences in the manner these factors interact were observed between healthcare systems. Structural barriers are presented as the main adherence barrier in the public system.Discussion: The need for interventions focused on the doctor-patient dyad considering the features of each healthcare is highlighted in order to facilitate patient engagement in adherence